Is there a way to pre-cache plugins with WP-CLI for faster installation?

WP CLI already caches things without needing to use wp core download, that’s why your wp core download command works. You can skip the extraction step entirely by just downloading WP directly into its cache folder, as well as any plugins

By default WP CLI will store any files it requests via HTTP in ~/.wp-cli/cache, that includes plugins and themes:

vagrant@vvv:/srv/www/wordpress-three/public_html$ wp plugin install wordpress-seo
Installing Yoast SEO (11.9)
Downloading installation package from https://downloads.wordpress.org/plugin/wordpress-seo.11.9.zip...
Unpacking the package...
Installing the plugin...
Plugin installed successfully.
Success: Installed 1 of 1 plugins.
vagrant@vvv:/srv/www/wordpress-three/public_html$ ls -al ~/.wp-cli/cache/
core/   plugin/ 
vagrant@vvv:/srv/www/wordpress-three/public_html$ ls -al ~/.wp-cli/cache/plugin/
total 3592
drwxrwxr-x 2 vagrant vagrant    4096 Aug 28 12:44 .
drwxr-xr-x 4 vagrant vagrant    4096 Aug 28 12:44 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 vagrant vagrant 3666701 Aug 28 12:44 wordpress-seo-11.9.zip
vagrant@vvv:/srv/www/wordpress-three/public_html$

So if I did this:

mkdir -p ~/.wp-cli/cache/plugin
wget https://downloads.wordpress.org/plugin/wordpress-seo.11.9.zip ~/.wp-cli/cache/plugin/wordpress-seo-11.9.zip

Then that would have the same effect, as would dropping wordpress-5.2.2-en_US.tar.gz in ~/.wp-cli/cache/core

Notice also that the filename WP CLI uses has - hyphens rather than the . that .org uses. Compare wordpress-seo.11.9.zip with wordpress-seo-11.9.zip

As for how to do it entirely with WP CLI, you would have to create a temporary WP install then change into it and install the plugin there, but it’s easier to just download without extracting

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