The significance of these two directives is similar: they repeat HTML-tags. The difference is only that with help of ng-repeat-start you could repeat few tags starting from tag with ng-repeat-start and finishing by ng-repeat-end.
For example you have next code:
<div>
Item # {{item}}
</div>
<div>Whether you repeat me?</div>
So now we can add 2 directives for these code.
With ng-repeat:
<div ng-repeat="item in items">
Item # {{item}}
</div>
<div>
This code will not be repeated
</div>
With ng-repeat-start and ng-repeat-end:
<div ng-repeat-start="item in items">
Item # {{item}}
</div>
<div ng-repeat-end="">This code will be repeated</div>
So now you can see that in the first case just div with ng-repeat directive repeats, but in the second case both your divs will be repeated.
You can see Demo and play with it: