Using track metadata from audio shortcode

Yeah, you can access that data using get_post_meta, remember that almost everything in WordPress is a type of a post, an audio its a wp_attachment type, you just need the ID, also you can make a shortcode, this is an example:

function my_audio_func($atts) {
    $audio_id = $atts['id']; //we need an ID as attribute
    //we get the audio and the metadata
    $metadata = get_post_meta($audio_id, "_wp_attachment_metadata");
    echo "<pre>";
    var_dump($metadata);
    echo "</pre>";

    //we get the post object to get the URL of the AUDIO
    $audio = get_post($audio_id);
    $audio_src = $audio->guid;//for object values is like this is an object
    //
    $attr = array(
        'src' => $audio_src,
        'loop' => '',
        'autoplay' => '',
        'preload' => 'none'
    );
    //display the audio player
    echo wp_audio_shortcode($attr);
    echo "<br/>";
    //display the metadata ARTIST
    echo $metadata[0]["artist"];//for metadata like this is an array
}

add_shortcode('my_audio', 'my_audio_func');

in your post use it like this:

[my_audio id="198"]

it will show like this:

this is all the metadata keys, the info you can get:

array(1) {
  [0]=>
  array(16) {
    ["dataformat"]=>
    string(3) "mp3"
    ["channels"]=>
    int(2)
    ["sample_rate"]=>
    int(44100)
    ["bitrate"]=>
    int(128000)
    ["channelmode"]=>
    string(12) "joint stereo"
    ["bitrate_mode"]=>
    string(3) "cbr"
    ["lossless"]=>
    bool(false)
    ["encoder_options"]=>
    string(6) "CBR128"
    ["compression_ratio"]=>
    float(0.090702947845805)
    ["fileformat"]=>
    string(3) "mp3"
    ["filesize"]=>
    int(458918)
    ["mime_type"]=>
    string(10) "audio/mpeg"
    ["length"]=>
    int(29)
    ["length_formatted"]=>
    string(4) "0:29"
    ["artist"]=>
    string(6) "MY_ARTIST"
    ["album"]=>
    string(5) "MY_ALBUM"
  }
}

if you want the caption or name, that would be in the post object:

object(WP_Post)#587 (24) {
  ["ID"]=>
  int(198)
  ["post_author"]=>
  string(1) "1"
  ["post_date"]=>
  string(19) "2017-09-26 15:54:30"
  ["post_date_gmt"]=>
  string(19) "2017-09-26 15:54:30"
  ["post_content"]=>
  string(38) ""My test audio"."
  ["post_title"]=>
  string(35) "My test audio"
  ["post_excerpt"]=>
  string(10) "MY_CAPTION"
  ["post_status"]=>
  string(7) "inherit"
  ["comment_status"]=>
  string(4) "open"
  ["ping_status"]=>
  string(6) "closed"
  ["post_password"]=>
  string(0) ""
  ["post_name"]=>
  string(35) "my-test-audio"
  ["to_ping"]=>
  string(0) ""
  ["pinged"]=>
  string(0) ""
  ["post_modified"]=>
  string(19) "2017-09-26 17:36:59"
  ["post_modified_gmt"]=>
  string(19) "2017-09-26 17:36:59"
  ["post_content_filtered"]=>
  string(0) ""
  ["post_parent"]=>
  int(176)
  ["guid"]=>
  string(97) "http://my_testsite.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2017/03/my-test-audio.mp3"
  ["menu_order"]=>
  int(0)
  ["post_type"]=>
  string(10) "attachment"
  ["post_mime_type"]=>
  string(10) "audio/mpeg"
  ["comment_count"]=>
  string(1) "0"
  ["filter"]=>
  string(3) "raw"
}

i commented in the shortcode how you can access values in the object and in the metadata array.