- First of all Check If you disabled the visual editor from your profile page.
[See the Screen Shot]
You ned to uncheck the box – Visual Editor, the option is located in User’s Edit Profile Page.
UPDATE – 1
2 – You might have been disabled the Kitchen Sink, To enable it Click on small button available in visual editor (Right most button) icon or Press – ALT+SHIFT+Z
3 – Or try switching back to default WordPress theme (TwentyTen or Twenty Eleven) and check if problem persists.