Where other than wp-config can database access details be defined?

A quick way to disable all plugins is to rename the wp-content\plugins folder. You’ll get some complaints on the wp-admin pages about missing plugins getting disabled, but you knew that.

Database access details are in the wp-config.php file in the root of your WP installation.

Usually plugins are the main cause of weirdness. Error logs will tell you many things. If you think you need to, reinstall the WP core files (on the admin/update page). Then ensure that all themes and updates are updated. Then, if still weirdness, look at the error logs for help.