Why WordPress not using JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE by default?

Because until relatively recently WordPress supported PHP 5.2+, but that constant was only added in PHP 5.4.

Given that wp_json_encode is meant to encapsulate and account for the differing behaviour of json_encode across multiple PHP versions, it doesn’t make sense to deliberatly change its behaviour for PHP 5.4+

Now that WordPress has raised its minimum PHP version, you should consider opening a Trac ticket with a patch to add the constant with the reasons why it would be an improvement and testing instructions