function to show only featured image of the posts

I am not sure that a filter on the_content is the way to go here. If I understand you, I think that all you need is something like the following your theme– cribbed from the two Codex pages listed below and altered slightly.

if ( has_post_thumbnail() ) { // check if the post has a Post Thumbnail assigned to it.
  the_post_thumbnail();
  echo '<a class="moretag" href="'. get_permalink($post) . '"> Read the full article...</a>';
} else { 
  the_content();
}

That may not look right since I don’t know what your theme code looks like but that it the idea.

If you are going to filter the_content I think what you want is more like this:

function insertfeaturedimage($content) {
    global $post;
    if ( current_theme_supports( 'post-thumbnails' ) ) {
        if (is_page() || is_single() || is_front_page()) {
            $thumb = get_the_post_thumbnail('page-single');
            if (!empty($thumb)) {
                $content = $thumb.'<a class="moretag" href="'. get_permalink($post) . '"> Read the full article...</a>';
            }
        }
     }
     return $content;
}
add_filter( 'the_content', 'InsertFeaturedImage' );

Note: I used get_permalink($post); instead of get_permalink($post->ID); on purpose. Despite the docs, get_permalink will accept the $post object itself and if given the object won’t run get_post. You can save a query (under some circumstances anyway).

http://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/the_post_thumbnail

http://codex.wordpress.org/Customizing_the_Read_More