The WordPress default media management system is pretty good and far better than what you want. However, you can use the Advanced Custom Fields to add image upload boxes in your post editor page.
Once the image is uploaded, you can display it in the editor using a shortcode [acf field="{$field_name}"].
Check out ACF Documentation for all the details.
This plugin is very easy to use. However, your image may not be processed by WordPress and other image processing plugins that you may have or will have in the future.