Categorise Custom Post Types

Thanks guys, I found a solution:

It’s as easy as adding the post_type_category element to the arguments object within register_post_type():

$args = array(
    'label'               => 'sausages',
    'description'         => 'Sausages',
    'labels'              => $labels,
    'post_type_category'  => 'food',
    'supports'            => array( 'title', 'category' ),
    'hierarchical'        => false,
    /* and so on */
);
register_post_type( 'sausage', $args );

And then add this to your functions.php:

function is_post_type_in_cat ( $category = null , $post_type = null ) {

    if(!$post_type) $post_type = get_post_type();

    $post_type_object = get_post_type_object( $post_type  );

    $arr = isset($post_type_object->post_type_category) ? $post_type_object->post_type_category : null;

    if( !$arr ) return false;

    if ( !is_array($arr) )

        $arr = array($arr);

    return in_array($category, $arr);

}

You can then check in your theme with the following code:

if( is_post_type_in_cat( 'food' ) ) :
  //do something
else:
  //do something
endif;

You can also not only for the current but for a specific post type:

if( is_post_type_in_cat( 'food', 'sausage' ) ) :
  //do something
else:
  //do something
endif;

Also an array of categories can be given as a parameter:

if( is_post_type_in_cat( array('food', 'animal', 'dairy', 'cheese'), 'gouda' ) ) : // and so on

Easier than I thought. Thanks to all contributors!
Perhaps in the future I’m gonna build a lightweight plugin with a GUI for this if this will not be implemented in the major CPT-Plugins or even the WP core.