Custom Post Type Query for Sidebar Doesn’t Work on Front Page

This is your code converted so it does not use global variables, and thus can’t stomp on anything. If this does not work, check your plugins: maybe one of them uses a hook in WP_Query to change the query on the home page? get_posts() gets around that by setting suppress_filters to true, but I don’t know whether that disables all hooks.

$args = array(
    'meta_key'=>'_simple_fields_fieldGroupID_1_fieldID_8_numInSet_0',
    'post_type' => 'stores',
    'post_status' => 'publish',
    'posts_per_page' => 10,
    'caller_get_posts'=> 1
);
$sidebar_posts = get_posts( $args );
if ( $sidebar_posts ) {
    // Do you want this for each post, or just once for the list?
    echo '<ul>';
    foreach ( $sidebar_posts as $s_post ) {
        echo '<li>';
        $post_link = '<a href="' . get_permalink( $s_post->ID ) . '" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent link to ' . esc_attr( get_the_title( $s_post->ID ) . '">';
        $selected_value = get_post_meta( $s_post->ID, '_simple_fields_fieldGroupID_1_fieldID_9_numInSet_0', true );
        echo $post_link . $selected_value . '</a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;';
        echo $post_link . get_the_title( $s_post->ID ) . '</a>';
        echo '</li>';
    }
    echo '</ul>';
}