display URL or permalink instead of page title in dashboard

Filter 'the_title' on the screen with the list table of your post type.
The pattern for the initial hook is: manage_edit-post_type_name_columns.

Sample code:

// replace 'post' with the post type name you want to catch.
add_filter( 'manage_edit-post_columns', 'wpse_67171_title_to_url' );

/**
 * Replace the default title with its permalink.
 *
 * @param  string $title
 * @param  int $id Post ID
 * @return string
 */
function wpse_67171_title_to_url( $title, $id = 0 )
{
    if ( 'the_title' !== current_filter() )
    {
        add_filter( 'the_title', __FUNCTION__, 10, 2 );
        return $title;
    }
    // strip domain name
    return parse_url( get_permalink( $id ), PHP_URL_PATH );
}

Result: