Filter Hook for post table (not columns)

The same way you would do it on the frontend, with pre_get_posts. Combine it with get_current_screen() so you can tell which area of the admin you’re in, and hook the filter on admin_init so it doesn’t impact the frontend.

There’s also the restrict_manage_posts which will let you add inputs to the filter column:

https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/hooks/restrict_manage_posts/

Just note, that WP_Query can query for posts, and it can restrict by users, but not by role. You will need to fetch an array of the IDs of all the users in that role, then pass it to the query object via pre_get_posts to specify you only want posts that have those authors in that array of user IDs