From admin edit user page query either the user_nicename or username field value of the user profile being edited or viewed

To get the username of a user you can use the get_userdata() function.

Pass it the users ID

$user = get_userdata($user_id);

Then the have access to the username or user_login as its called

echo $user->user_login;

You can read more about this function here:
https://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/get_userdata

Or if you need to get the user by other information, see get_user_by()
https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/functions/get_user_by/