Not really, but you can define your own. All meta boxes are stored in the global variable $wp_meta_boxes which is a multi-dimensional array.

function get_meta_boxes( $screen = null, $context="advanced" ) {
    global $wp_meta_boxes;

    if ( empty( $screen ) )
        $screen = get_current_screen();
    elseif ( is_string( $screen ) )
        $screen = convert_to_screen( $screen );

    $page = $screen->id;

    return $wp_meta_boxes[$page][$context];          
}

This array will show all of the meta boxes registered for a specific screen and a specific context. You could also drill down even further because this array is also a multidimensional array that segregates meta boxes by priority and id.

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So let’s say you want to get an array that contains all of the meta boxes that are of “normal” priority on the admin Dashboard. You’d call the following:

$dashboard_boxes = get_meta_boxes( 'dashboard', 'normal' );

This is identical to the global array $wp_meta_boxes['dashboard']['normal'] and it also a multi-dimensional array.

Removing core meta boxes

Let’s say you want to remove a bunch of meta boxes. The function above can be tweaked slightly to avail that:

function remove_meta_boxes( $screen = null, $context="advanced", $priority = 'default', $id ) {
    global $wp_meta_boxes;

    if ( empty( $screen ) )
        $screen = get_current_screen();
    elseif ( is_string( $screen ) )
        $screen = convert_to_screen( $screen );

    $page = $screen->id;

    unset( $wp_meta_boxes[$page][$context][$priority][$id] );
}

If you wanted to remove, say, the incoming links widget from the Dashboard, you’d call:

remove_meta_boxes( 'dashboard', 'normal', 'core', 'dashboard_incoming_links' );