Get name and email of current unregistered user, who has recently submitted name and email in comment form?

An unregistered user’s name and email are available in cookies, once s/he has left a comment. The cookies are named like:

comment_author_3e6aea64ec43ed661a5dee3433f1e8bc
comment_author_email_3e6aea64ec43ed661a5dee3433f1e8bc

You can retrieve them like so:

sanitize_comment_cookies();
wp_get_current_commenter(); // returns comment_author,
                            //   comment_author_email, comment_author_url

They’re created here in comment.php:

/**
 * Sets the cookies used to store an unauthenticated commentator's identity. Typically used
 * to recall previous comments by this commentator that are still held in moderation.
 *
 * @param object $comment Comment object.
 * @param object $user Comment author's object.
 *
 * @since 3.4.0
 */
function wp_set_comment_cookies($comment, $user) {
    if ( $user->exists() )
        return;

    $comment_cookie_lifetime = apply_filters('comment_cookie_lifetime', 30000000);
    setcookie('comment_author_' . COOKIEHASH, $comment->comment_author, ...);
    setcookie('comment_author_email_' . COOKIEHASH, $comment->comment_author_email, ...);
    setcookie('comment_author_url_' . COOKIEHASH, ...);
}

(I found out by stepping through wp-comments-post.php with a debugger.)

((As mentioned in the comments below the original question above, couldn’t this sometimes be a privacy issue, if someone posts a comment in a public library — then the one who uses the computer afterwards might find those comments that are “waiting for authentication”, and know who wrote them, hmm))