How can I get the permalink of a page on which shortcode has been used

I think that the very best approach would be to store that page on a option.

Anyway, if you want to get the pages where a shortcode has been used, you can use the search parameter (s) of WP_Query class (or get_posts() function). Basically, this parameter performs a LIKE query, so it could be useful to search for shortcodes like this:

$args = array(
    's'         => '[myshortcode',
    'post_type' => 'pages'
);

$pages_with_myshortcode = get_posts( $args );