How do you change the fetched image of a PDF uploaded into WordPress Media Library?

If Learnworlds is extracting the image out of the PDF file, this isn’t something WordPress is involved in and the necessary steps would mean changing the PDF file itself. The metadata is the PDF files metadata, not the post meta of the attachment.

Given that you’re taking a direct URL of the PDF and passing it to LearnWorlds, WordPress is not involved in the process once the file is uploaded to the media library. There is no solution to your problem that involves WordPress or WordPress knowledge.

This may be of help:
https://helpx.adobe.com/uk/acrobat/using/pdf-properties-metadata.html

Otherwise you will need to look at general PDF solutions, there is no WordPress specific solution to your problem, and you may be severely limiting the possible resources you can find by only searching within WordPress expertise