How to handle this URL Structure. Keep getting "page not found"

The problem is that anytime you try and go to a post such as:

http://example.com/test/articles/example-slug/
                    ↑      ↑
                    |      └ attempts to match "articles" as name/pagename query variable 
                    └ matches post_type "test"

WordPress is trying to match /test/articles, as in articles being a post of post_type === test.

Instead you need to add a custom rewrite rule (then flush your rewrite rules):

function wpse221472_custom_rewrite_rules() {

  add_rewrite_rule(
    '^test/(articles)/(.*)?', 
    'index.php?post_type=$matches[1]&name=$matches[2]', 
    'top'
  );

}

add_action('init', 'wpse221472_custom_rewrite_rules');

This will match:

                       $matches[1]  $matches[2]
                           ↓            ↓
http://example.com/test/articles/example-slug/

Not sure that this is the best approach but it will work, just be aware that you cannot have a post unde the test post_type that has a slug of articles because it won’t be matched; our re-write rule will override it.

If that doesn’t bother you then the above should suffice.

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