How to make the ‘delete’ button inactive on some categories?

WordPress uses the WP_List_Table class, or some extension of it, to generate those lists. In this case, it is the WP_Terms_List_Table class. That class contains a filter called {$taxonomy}_row_actions.

add_filter(
  'category_row_actions',
  function($actions, $tag) {
    $no_del = array(11,22,33);
    if (in_array($tag->term_id,$no_del)) {
      unset($actions['delete']);
    }
    return $actions;
  },
  10,2
);