How to retrieve taxonomy terms of the current custom post?

Use get_the_terms( $post, $taxonomy ):

$worktypes = get_the_terms( get_the_ID(), 'worktyp' );

var_export( $worktypes );

You can also use …

get_the_term_list( $id, $taxonomy, $before="", $sep = '', $after="" );

… to get a formatted output. Example.