display custom post type from register taxonomy

First off, I’d like to note a few things wrong with your Post Type and Taxonomy set up. There’s a few settings in your $labels that don’t make sense:

$labels = array(
    ...
    'post_type'      => 'attachment',
    'post_parent'    => $post->ID,
    'post_status'    => 'inherit',
    'post_mime_type' => 'image',
);

These last 4 options don’t make much sense ( to me anyway ) when creating Post Type labels or Taxonomy labels. There’ll never be a $post->ID set in the init function and labels is not the place where you would set a post_type, also attachment is a reserved / built-in post type so you can’t reuse it. To view a full list of accepted Labels that you can use, follow the links below:

Post Type Labels

Taxonomy Labels

You’ll notice that there’s different labels for Taxonomy than there are Post Types. Along with a multitude of other settings, I wouldn’t suggest you use the same arguments whenever you register taxonomy and post types but instead create separate arguments for each.

Assuming your Post Type and Taxonomy works, Milo is right ( in the comments section ) you shouldn’t use query_posts and Here’s Why. If you want you can create a new WP_Query or use pre_get_posts ( as mentioned above ).

Use pre_get_posts To Modify The Main Query

As said in the title, pre_get_posts will modify the main query before it actually gets outputted. This means that you can retain the query_vars that are ( presumably ) already set and you may overwrite anything you need. You would want to put this into your functions.php file, and it works like this:

( Pre Get Posts Codex Article )

function advertising_pgp( $query ) {
    if( ! is_admin() ) {    // Do Not run on Admin Pages

        if( $query->is_main_query() ) {     // Only run on the Main Query

            $query->set( 'post_type', 'advertising' );
            $query->set( 'posts_per_page', 50 );
            $query->set( 'tax_query', array(
                array(
                    'taxonomy'  => 'advertising_type',
                    'field'     => 'slug',
                    'terms'     => 'recruitment'
                )
            ) );

        }
    }
}
add_action( 'pre_get_posts', 'advertising_pgp' );

:: Warning :: The above will modify all main queries on your website. You may need to add additional conditional statements into the second conditional such as is_page( 'Your-Page' )

Create a New WP Query

WP Query is mostly used if you need an additional query to your main query. If you want to just modify your main query to something different, you can use pre_get_posts above, and since you’re wanting to combine query_vars – I suggest pre_get_posts since it will already have them in there. I’ll leave this here just in case.

global $wp_query;

$new_query = new WP_Query(
    array_merge( 
        $wp_query->query_vars,
        array(
            'post_type' => 'advertising',
            'posts_per_page' => 50, 
            'advertising_type' => 'recruitment'
        )
    )
);

<?php if( $new_query->have_posts() ) : ?>

    <?php while( $new_query->have_posts() ) : $new_query->the_post(); ?>

        <h1><?php the_title(); ?></h1>
        <?php the_content(); ?>

    <?php endif; ?>

<?php endif; ?>