Is it possible to use multiple spaces in title?

As you can see in the Codex, the filter actually has 2 arguments, which needs to be stated:

add_filter( 'the_title', function ( $title, $id = null ) {
    return preg_replace('#(\s{3})#', '…', $title);
}, 10, 2 );

You could as well just use a placeholder that you replace on the fly – might be easier.

In case above does not work, you might want to give it try exactly before you call it:

$filters = $GLOBALS['wp_filter']['the_title'];

foreach ( $filters as $priority => $filter ) {
    remove_all_filters('the_title', $priority);
}

add_filter( 'the_title', function ( $title, $id = null ) {
    return preg_replace('#(\s{3})#', '…', $title);
}, 10, 2 );

the_title();

If ^ above works, then you have a problem with removing the filters properly. You might want to just var_dump($GLOBALS['wp_filter']['the_title'];) above the call for the_title() and then take a look of what was left in and care about that.