How can I see exactly what arguments are being passed through a filter so that I may modify them?

Perhaps you could push the variable contents to error log for later inspection? Like so,

function addFilter($views) {
    // error_log is native php function to log stuff
    // print_r prints human-readable information about a variable, 
    // print_r second parameter makes the function return result instead of echoing it
    error_log( print_r( $views, true ) );
    return $views;
}