Loop doesn’t show title of second post and posts thereafter

The code posted for your index.php file contains an error. The WordPress function the_post() is called twice in each iteration. As this function iterates the post index and sets up the conditionals for each post, calling this twice is the likely cause of your problem.

Remove the second instance of the_post() immediately after your H2.

<?php while(have_posts()) {
    the_post(); ?>
    <h2 class="date_and_time"><?php the_time('F jS, Y'); ?></h2>
    <?php the_post(); // REMOVE this line ?>
    <h3><a href="https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/333299/<?php the_permalink(); ?>"><?php the_title(); ?></a></h3>

https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/functions/the_post/

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