Moving a local installation to the server – settings not working on server?

I think your process for migrating to the live server was sound. I’m pretty sure that your issue is with step #2, more specifically the replacing of local URLs with the server URLs. While you likely replaced all of the URLs correctly, it’s possible that the serialized data in the database didn’t get changed to reflect the change in the server URL.

I like to use the WP Migrate DB plug-in to facilitate the URL replacement when switching from a server environment (i.e. local to live server). That plug-in is very easy to use and updates all serialized data according to the changes in the URLs.