Permalink structure as code in back-end?

Your code works to create links, and WordPress should make a valiant effort to find the correct post, but it doesn’t get complete permalinks. To do that you will need to query the database for the post and construct a permalink if one is found.

function transform_pseudo_anchor_wpse_101201($match) {
  global $wpdb;
  if (isset($match[1])) {
    $name = sanitize_title_with_dashes($match[1]);
    $p = new WP_Query(
      array(
        'name'=>$name,
        'post_type' => 'post',
        'posts_per_page' => 1,
        'suppress_filters' => true,
        'ignore_sticky_posts' => true
      )
    );
    if (!empty($p->posts[0])) {
      $link = get_permalink($p->posts[0]);
      return '(link: <a href="'.$link.'" title="'.$match[1].'">'.$match[1].'</a>)';
    } else {
      return 'nada';
    }
  }
}