query only direct child and sub-terms of a current term archive

Try get_terms( 'product_cat', 'parent=" . get_queried_object_id() )

Update: Re-read your question, think I have a better idea:

<ul class="categories">
    <?php

        wp_list_categories(
            array(
                "child_of' => get_queried_object_id(),
                'taxonomy' => 'product_cat',
                'title_li' => '',
                   'depth' => 2,
            )
        )

    ?>
</ul>

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