>>> k = [[1, 2], [4], [5, 6, 2], [1, 2], [3], [4]] >>> import itertools >>> k.sort() >>> list(k for k,_ in itertools.groupby(k)) [[1, 2], [3], [4], [5, 6, 2]]
itertools often offers the fastest and most powerful solutions to this kind of problems, and is well worth getting intimately familiar with!-)
Edit: as I mention in a comment, normal optimization efforts are focused on large inputs (the big-O approach) because it’s so much easier that it offers good returns on efforts. But sometimes (essentially for “tragically crucial bottlenecks” in deep inner loops of code that’s pushing the boundaries of performance limits) one may need to go into much more detail, providing probability distributions, deciding which performance measures to optimize (maybe the upper bound or the 90th centile is more important than an average or median, depending on one’s apps), performing possibly-heuristic checks at the start to pick different algorithms depending on input data characteristics, and so forth.
Careful measurements of “point” performance (code A vs code B for a specific input) are a part of this extremely costly process, and standard library module timeit helps here. However, it’s easier to use it at a shell prompt. For example, here’s a short module to showcase the general approach for this problem, save it as nodup.py:
import itertools
k = [[1, 2], [4], [5, 6, 2], [1, 2], [3], [4]]
def doset(k, map=map, list=list, set=set, tuple=tuple):
return map(list, set(map(tuple, k)))
def dosort(k, sorted=sorted, xrange=xrange, len=len):
ks = sorted(k)
return [ks[i] for i in xrange(len(ks)) if i == 0 or ks[i] != ks[i-1]]
def dogroupby(k, sorted=sorted, groupby=itertools.groupby, list=list):
ks = sorted(k)
return [i for i, _ in itertools.groupby(ks)]
def donewk(k):
newk = []
for i in k:
if i not in newk:
newk.append(i)
return newk
# sanity check that all functions compute the same result and don't alter k
if __name__ == '__main__':
savek = list(k)
for f in doset, dosort, dogroupby, donewk:
resk = f(k)
assert k == savek
print '%10s %s' % (f.__name__, sorted(resk))
Note the sanity check (performed when you just do python nodup.py) and the basic hoisting technique (make constant global names local to each function for speed) to put things on equal footing.
Now we can run checks on the tiny example list:
$ python -mtimeit -s'import nodup' 'nodup.doset(nodup.k)' 100000 loops, best of 3: 11.7 usec per loop $ python -mtimeit -s'import nodup' 'nodup.dosort(nodup.k)' 100000 loops, best of 3: 9.68 usec per loop $ python -mtimeit -s'import nodup' 'nodup.dogroupby(nodup.k)' 100000 loops, best of 3: 8.74 usec per loop $ python -mtimeit -s'import nodup' 'nodup.donewk(nodup.k)' 100000 loops, best of 3: 4.44 usec per loop
confirming that the quadratic approach has small-enough constants to make it attractive for tiny lists with few duplicated values. With a short list without duplicates:
$ python -mtimeit -s'import nodup' 'nodup.donewk([[i] for i in range(12)])' 10000 loops, best of 3: 25.4 usec per loop $ python -mtimeit -s'import nodup' 'nodup.dogroupby([[i] for i in range(12)])' 10000 loops, best of 3: 23.7 usec per loop $ python -mtimeit -s'import nodup' 'nodup.doset([[i] for i in range(12)])' 10000 loops, best of 3: 31.3 usec per loop $ python -mtimeit -s'import nodup' 'nodup.dosort([[i] for i in range(12)])' 10000 loops, best of 3: 25 usec per loop
the quadratic approach isn’t bad, but the sort and groupby ones are better. Etc, etc.
If (as the obsession with performance suggests) this operation is at a core inner loop of your pushing-the-boundaries application, it’s worth trying the same set of tests on other representative input samples, possibly detecting some simple measure that could heuristically let you pick one or the other approach (but the measure must be fast, of course).
It’s also well worth considering keeping a different representation for k — why does it have to be a list of lists rather than a set of tuples in the first place? If the duplicate removal task is frequent, and profiling shows it to be the program’s performance bottleneck, keeping a set of tuples all the time and getting a list of lists from it only if and where needed, might be faster overall, for example.