Approaching this from the SQL is a mistake, and instead a quick search of the official dev docs for filename reveals a filter named wp_allow_query_attachment_by_filename that is set to true by default:
https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/hooks/wp_allow_query_attachment_by_filename/
apply_filters( 'wp_allow_query_attachment_by_filename', bool $allow_query_attachment_by_filename )Filters whether an attachment query should include filenames or not.
This means you can disable querying filenames with a quick filter like this:
add_filter( 'wp_allow_query_attachment_by_filename', '__return_false' );
Where __return_false is a function built into WordPress to save time writing filters like this.
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