submitting form via admin-ajax.php returns 0

You don’t set an action in your form, so nothing is executed.

Add a hidden field with action to the form:

<input type="hidden" value="submit_filter" name="action">

Also note that this:

$postid = get_the_ID();

won’t work. This is a new request, so there is no post to get the ID from. You have to pass this with your form data as well.