Transitioning Laravel App into WordPress (Portfolio Website)

Custom Post Type is always a preferable approach.
To display all the projects in custom page template you need to learn few concepts for WP.
1.custom page template (To display your custom content)
2. WP_Query ( Fetch custom post type data with lot of advance query).
For your reference please find the below documentation.

https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/classes/wp_query/
https://developer.wordpress.org/themes/template-files-section/page-template-files/