Uncaught TypeError: jQuery(…).slider is not a function

The error message is clear; the function is not exist. It would help if you looked at your dependencies. You need jQuery Core, the jQuery UI library, and the jQuery Slider library. But no worries, you should use the dependency handling from WP API via wp_enqueue_script and his internal handles to load in the correct order.

wp_register_script(
    'your-jquery-slider',
    plugin_dir_url( __FILE__ ) . './js/your-jquery-slider.js',
    [
        'jquery-ui-core',
        'jquery-ui-slider',
    ]
);
wp_enqueue_script( 'your-jquery-slider' );

With these parameters, you make sure that the libraries are in place and right order. The handle jquery is not necessary, because the WP API define jQuery as dependency for jquery-ui-core, see this documentation table. The jQuery UI Effects are not included with the jquery-ui-core handle, so you need the handle for the slider jquery-ui-slider.

Note. Use the register function and then enqueue to give other plugins the chance to remove them, is clean, and have more control for everyone.