When moving a WordPress installation to a new server, why do I have to update each post before content shows?

jdm2112 identified the issue as being caused by missing tables as part of the migration process within the comments for the original question:

You imported just the single table into another WordPress DB? THAT is
the problem. Post IDs are unique between sites… I would avoid
working with individual tables unless absolutely necessary

After migrating the rest of the tables, Nona reports that this issue has been resolved:

Thanks… I moved the wp_terms, wp_term_relationships, and
wp_term_taxonomy in addition to the wp_posts table and now
everything appears to work.