Where is the “Posts”/”Blog” template?

Posts (note the plural) template does not exists.

The archive of standard post type, when is not a more specific template (date archive, author archive, taxonomy archive) is handled by:

home.php (and if this file doesn’t exist) by index.php.

If you intend Post (note the singular) the right template file is single.php

Once understood this, to modify the template follow @JMau answer: create a child theme.

Edit

the informations above are not a secret, but are fully accessible in the Template Hierarchy page of Codex as @hereswhatidid says in the comment below.

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