Which WordPress option stores the current active theme?

All those options are actually pointing to the active theme, but the difference is the value stored in each option:

  • The options template and stylesheet both store the name of the active theme folder, e.g. twentytwentyone for the Twenty Twenty-One theme. But if you’re using a child theme, then stylesheet would be the name of the child theme folder, e.g. twentytwentyone-child.

  • current_theme on the other hand (is or seems like a deprecated option which) stores the name of the active theme on the site, e.g. Twenty Twenty-One.

    And this option is used by get_current_theme() (a deprecated function) and a deprecated option named mods_<theme name> (see get_theme_mods()).

    And note that I don’t have this option on my site (default install of WordPress 5.7), but if I had it, then the value would be the same as what wp_get_theme()->get( 'Name' ) returns.