WP-CFM is probably the closest to what you’re looking for. Actually, it has been inspired by Drupal’s Features module.
From the plugin page:
WP-CFM lets you copy database configuration to / from the filesystem. Easily deploy configuration changes without needing to copy the entire database.
However, as someone who has spent the better part of the past few years working on the versioning solution for WordPress (I’m a co-creator of VersionPress), I can say that it’s tricky to version-control only parts of the site. For example, a plugin might store some of its configuration in wp_options, some of it on the disk (in some PHP file, for instance) and some of it in postmeta or whatever. Full version control is hard (which is why VersionPress takes its time) but it’s the only 100% reliable way.
If you’re sure you good with just wp_options (and some other tracked entities that WP-CFM provides; see the linked plugin page) then I agree that it’s better to use the simpler tool.