Why WordPress suddenly changed sizes of thumbnails?

for performance reasons, WordPress creates copies of image files in various sizes. There are three default sizes, while rest of them are usually defined by themes or plugins.

If you don’t want to use the resized image, then use a full-size image while adding an image to the post.

if these are featured images, then you need to modify the code to use full size.(unless your theme has an option for it)

As far as Gutenberg considered you can install this plugin to disable Gutenberg
https://wordpress.org/plugins/classic-editor/