WordPress blog post url on category page

You don’t have a $post object to use $post->ID, so use get_the_ID() instead. In your loop:

<?php $ptype_link_url = get_post_meta(get_the_ID(), 'lolfmkbox_link_url', true); ?>
<h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/209732/<?php echo $ptype_link_url; ?>"><?php the_title(); ?></a></h1>

Reference: https://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/get_the_ID