Technically, this is possible. You can load as many language files as you want:
load_theme_textdomain( 'text_domain_1', get_template_directory() . '/languages/td1' ) );
load_theme_textdomain( 'text_domain_2', get_template_directory() . '/languages/td2' ) );
In terms of performance it may be useful if want to separate front-end and back-end translations.
But it is the wrong solution if do this to manage plugin code that you have moved into a theme. For example the notorious contact form, shortcodes or a dashboard widget – these parts should be handled by real plugins.
TL;DR: It depends on the problem you want to solve.
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