Add my own function to existing WooCommerce hook

storefront_single_post hook pertains only to single posts and not products although products are considered posts of type ‘product’

This is the hook you need:

add_action( 'woocommerce_single_product_summary', 'storefront_post_header_categories', 6 );
function storefront_post_header_categories() {
    echo "code to display categories here";
}

You will find it in plugins/woocommerce/content-single-product.php:

/**
         * woocommerce_single_product_summary hook
         *
         * @hooked woocommerce_template_single_title - 5
         * @hooked woocommerce_template_single_rating - 10
         * @hooked woocommerce_template_single_price - 10
         * @hooked woocommerce_template_single_excerpt - 20
         * @hooked woocommerce_template_single_add_to_cart - 30
         * @hooked woocommerce_template_single_meta - 40
         * @hooked woocommerce_template_single_sharing - 50
         */
        do_action( 'woocommerce_single_product_summary' );