Form Submit jQuery does not work

The NUMBER ONE error is having ANYTHING with the reserved word submit as ID or NAME in your form.

If you plan to call .submit() on the form AND the form has submit as id or name on any form element, then you need to rename that form element, since the form’s submit method/handler is shadowed by the name/id attribute.

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Several other things:

As mentioned, you need to submit the form using a simpler event than the jQuery one

BUT you also need to cancel the clicks on the links

Why, by the way, do you have two buttons? Since you use jQuery to submit the form, you will never know which of the two buttons were clicked unless you set a hidden field on click.

<form action="deletprofil.php" id="form_id" method="post">
  <div data-role="controlgroup" data-filter="true" data-input="#filterControlgroup-input">
  <button type="submit" value="1" class="ui-btn ui-shadow ui-corner-all ui-icon-delete ui-btn-icon-right" data-icon="delete" aria-disabled="false">Anlegen</button>
  <button type="submit" value="2" class="ui-btn ui-shadow ui-corner-all ui-icon-delete ui-btn-icon-right" data-icon="delete" aria-disabled="false">Bnlegen</button>
  </div>
</form> 

 $(function(){
    $("#NOlink, #OKlink").on("click", function(e) {
        e.preventDefault(); // cancel default action
        $("#popupDialog").popup('close');
        if (this.id=="OKlink") { 
          document.getElementById("form_id").submit(); // or $("#form_id")[0].submit();
        }
    });

    $('#form_id').on('submit', function(e){
      e.preventDefault();
      $("#popupDialog").popup('open');
    });
});    

Judging from your comments, I think you really want to do this:

<form action="deletprofil.php" id="form_id" method="post">
  <input type="hidden" id="whichdelete" name="whichdelete" value="" />
  <div data-role="controlgroup" data-filter="true" data-input="#filterControlgroup-input">
  <button type="button" value="1" class="delete ui-btn ui-shadow ui-corner-all ui-icon-delete ui-btn-icon-right" data-icon="delete" aria-disabled="false">Anlegen</button>
  <button type="button" value="2" class="delete ui-btn ui-shadow ui-corner-all ui-icon-delete ui-btn-icon-right" data-icon="delete" aria-disabled="false">Bnlegen</button>
  </div>
</form> 

 $(function(){
    $("#NOlink, #OKlink").on("click", function(e) {
        e.preventDefault(); // cancel default action
        $("#popupDialog").popup('close');
        if (this.id=="OKlink") { 
          // trigger the submit event, not the event handler
          document.getElementById("form_id").submit(); // or $("#form_id")[0].submit();
        }
    });
    $(".delete").on("click", function(e) {
        $("#whichdelete").val(this.value);
    });
    $('#form_id').on('submit', function(e){
      e.preventDefault();
      $("#popupDialog").popup('open');
    });
});