How can I receive the image id using the media box?

You can also add in a filter that can add the ID as a html5 data attribute to the returned HTML fragment from send_to_editor.

public function image_to_editor($html, $id, $caption, $title, $align, $url, $size, $alt){
        $dom = new DOMDocument();
        @$dom->loadHTML($html);

        $x = new DOMXPath($dom);        
        foreach($x->query("//img") as $node){   
            $node->setAttribute("data-id", $id);
        }

        if($dom->getElementsByTagName("a")->length == 0){
            $newHtml = $dom->saveXML($dom->getElementsByTagName('img')->item(0));
        }else{
            $newHtml = $dom->saveXML($dom->getElementsByTagName('a')->item(0));
        }

        return $newHtml;
}

add_filter('image_send_to_editor', array(&$this,'image_to_editor'), 1, 8);

Then in your javascript handler for window.send_to_editor;

$('img',html).data('id'));

You can do the same thing for media uploads as well.