If another_branch already exists locally and you are not on this branch, then git checkout another_branch switches to the branch.
If another_branch does not exist but origin/another_branch does, then git checkout another_branch is equivalent to git checkout -b another_branch origin/another_branch; git branch -u origin/another_branch. That’s to create another_branch from origin/another_branch and set origin/another_branch as the upstream of another_branch.
If neither exists, git checkout another_branch returns error.
git checkout origin another_branch returns error in most cases. If origin is a revision and another_branch is a file, then it checks out the file of that revision but most probably that’s not what you expect. origin is mostly used in git fetch, git pull and git push as a remote, an alias of the url to the remote repository.
git checkout origin/another_branch succeeds if origin/another_branch exists. It leads to be in detached HEAD state, not on any branch. If you make new commits, the new commits are not reachable from any existing branches and none of the branches will be updated.
UPDATE:
As 2.23.0 has been released, with it we can also use git switch to create and switch branches.
If foo exists, try to switch to foo:
git switch foo
If foo does not exist and origin/foo exists, try to create foo from origin/foo and then switch to foo:
git switch -c foo origin/foo # or simply git switch foo
More generally, if foo does not exist, try to create foo from a known ref or commit and then switch to foo:
git switch -c foo <ref> git switch -c foo <commit>
If we maintain a repository in Gitlab and Github at the same time, the local repository may have two remotes, for example, origin for Gitlab and github for Github. In this case the repository has origin/foo and github/foo. git switch foo will complain fatal: invalid reference: foo, because it does not known from which ref, origin/foo or github/foo, to create foo. We need to specify it with git switch -c foo origin/foo or git switch -c foo github/foo according to the need. If we want to create branches from both remote branches, it’s better to use distinguishing names for the new branches:
git switch -c gitlab_foo origin/foo git switch -c github_foo github/foo
If foo exists, try to recreate/force-create foo from (or reset foo to) a known ref or commit and then switch to foo:
git switch -C foo <ref> git switch -C foo <commit>
which are equivalent to:
git switch foo git reset [<ref>|<commit>] --hard
Try to switch to a detached HEAD of a known ref or commit:
git switch -d <ref> git switch -d <commit>
If you just want to create a branch but not switch to it, use git branch instead. Try to create a branch from a known ref or commit:
git branch foo <ref> git branch foo <commit>