If orderby parameter using pre_get_posts is the same for multiple posts what fallback does the query use?

For identical values they’ll be in whatever order they’re returned by the database engine, which would typically be the order they were inserted in the database.

Anyway, the question you’ve linked is old, you can order by multiple columns with WP_Query:

$query->set( 'orderby', array( 'menu_order' => 'ASC', 'date' => 'ASC' ) );

pre_get_posts acts on a WP_Query instance and has the same parameters available to it, so whether pre_get_posts or a custom WP_Query is the correct choice depends on whether or not you’re trying to modify the main query.

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