jQuery functions work in console, but not live

Where are you using the jQuery code we see in question? If you are using it in header (head), I would recommend using:

jQuery(document).ready(function(){
    jQuery('.homepage_buttons_text a[href^="http://danrobertsgroup.com/?attachment_id=1037"]').each(function(){
        jQuery(this).html("<h1 class="homepage_button_title">Workouts</h1><span class="homepage_button_title">Books / DVD's / Downloads</span>");
    });
});

If you are using the code in the footer, the above replacement is still recommended and for each add_action hook you can use the priority parameter:

function child_theme_enqueue_scripts() {
    wp_enqueue_script(
        'child-scripts',
        get_stylesheet_directory_uri() . '/js/child-scripts.js',
        array( 'jquery' ),
        '1.0',
        true
    );
}
add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'child_theme_enqueue_scripts', 30 );