Main blog page works but title says Page not found

Based on your comments above:

Oo, thanks, good questions. Just realized now that the Settings >
Reading has nothing selected for Posts page. (The Front Page is of
course set for the static home page.)

The problem is, indeed, that you have failed to assign a static page as the posts page (the page ID that WordPress uses to display the blog posts index when a static page is assigned as the site front page.

But the only options in the dropdown are static pages.

Yes, this is how WordPress is designed to work. When assigning a static page as the site front page, you must assign another static page for the blog posts index.

If I create a
page called blog, it’s going to draw from my Pages template rather
than my index.php, so still not sure how to proceed.

Refer to the Template Hierarchy for the Blog Posts Index. In fact, WordPress will never use the Page template to display the Blog Posts Index. The blog posts index template hierarchy is as follows:

  • home.php
  • index.php

So, you can either create a home.php, or simply let the blog posts index fallback to index.php.