Moving site made easier

For the specific settings you are asking about you can hardcode the values into your wp-config.php file(s):

define('WP_HOME','http://example.com');
define('WP_SITEURL','http://example.com');

These values will be used and database values will be ignored and not editable in settings.

Note that there are plenty more places that might store URLs, such as images in content and so on. There are solutions around that specialize in migrations and/or replacing data in WP database. Those would be more robust in this regard than making it a manual-ish process.