Quickest Way Besides FTP to Upload WordPress Files to a Web Server?

Yes.
There is a script called easywp.php
You upload it to your server and run it.
it will install wordpress for you (i.e. download the .gz file, open it, etc …)

Another option is to download wordpress to your server using wget and ssh.
you can do that using the command:

wget http://wordpress.org/latest.zip

if you want that wordpress install in Hebrew:

1. use this script and then upgrade
2. edit the easywp.php so it will download the latest Hebrew version (the name changes with each new release)
3. change the script mentioned in option (1) to get the latest version for you