Page template compatibility with different themes

This is not possible at all. There aren’t even duplication between page templates between the bundled themes.

There is no way for you to know or to predict functions, outlay or markup in any template. IMHO, because of this, templates should always reside within a theme and not in a plugin. Afterall, templates are theme specific and not compatibable cross themes.

Even if it was possible, I would really think that it would be an unmaintainable mess. Introducing new templates in a theme is easy, and it keeps thing maintainable without effort.

As @Milo suggested, there are a couple of filters which you can use to target what is being displayed on a page which includes

  • the_post

  • the_posts

  • loop_start and loop_end

  • post filters like the_content and the_title.

There is also the possibility of using shortcodes which is meant for something like what you want to do