Here is the relevant code from home.php (the Blog Posts Index):
<?php
if($grisaillePostCount == 1) {
the_post_thumbnail();
} else {
the_post_thumbnail('following-post-thumbnails');
}
?>
Here is the relevant code from index.php:
<?php the_post_thumbnail('following-post-thumbnails'); ?>
So, the difference is the default thumbnail size, and the custom 'following-post-thumbnails' image size.
In functions.php, the Theme defines the defualt 'thumbnail' size as:
set_post_thumbnail_size( 590, 275, true ); // 590 pixels wide by 275 pixels tall, hard crop mode
…and sets the 'following-post-thumbnails' size as:
add_image_size( 'following-post-thumbnails', 250, 200, true ); // 250 pixels wide by 200 pixels tall, hard crop mode
So, to see the default 'thumbnail' image size in the default template (index.php), change this:
<?php the_post_thumbnail('following-post-thumbnails'); ?>
…to this:
<?php the_post_thumbnail(); ?>
Edit
And to display the 'full' image size, use this:
<?php the_post_thumbnail( 'full' ); ?>